Useful Thoughts and Actions Taken

Conversion of Optical Photons into Electrical Photons as might occur in a battery

See previous post on how a battery and electrical condustors work.  In that post it describes a process in which a visible light photon is generated inside a battery by the 1.5 volt chemical reaction.    I was curious when I wrote that how the optical photon could be converted to an electrical photon.  The above diagram gives a possible explanation how that could occur. When you have an optical photon generated inside of an opaque material it can not propagate very far.   It forms a region with increased photonic pressure.   It is absorbed at some high level excited state of a charge carrier.  It then can cascade downwards in the small steps of the conduction band.  This allows the energy to propagate along the copper in the form of electrical current.

You can also imagine a solar cell acting in a similar fashion with the source of the optical photon being sunlight instead of chemical energy of the battery.

By Fudgy McFarlen, ago

Rice and Garbonzo Beans

If you have rice and garbanzo beans already prepared this one is very quick to prepare.?
Ingredients

  • Rice – my preference is Basmati rice
  • Olive Oil – the whole thing rides on the flavor of the olive oil so get one you like the flavor of
  • garbanzo beans – should be pressure cooked on the order of 20 minutes to get a nice soft texture
  • salt – I use 1/2 sodium 1/2 potassium salt

Put the rice and garbanzo beans in a bowl and dribble olive oil over it.  Lightly salt. 

By Fudgy McFarlen, ago

Healthy Cracker Substitute

What are crackers? They are salt, carbohydrate and fats in the form of oils right?  Why not do a gluten free version of the same thing. 


Ingredients

  • Rice – my preference is Basmati rice
  • Olive Oil – the whole thing rides on the flavor of the olive oil so get one you like the flavor of
  • salt – I use 1/2 sodium 1/2 potassium salt

Put the rice in a bowl and dribble olive oil over it.  Lightly salt.  Good Cracker!

By Fudgy McFarlen, ago

How do electrical conductors work?

My previous inquiry into how batteries work to produce power lead me to a new question:

    How does the power produced in a battery propagate along a copper wire conductor when the 1.5 volt battery potential yields a visible light photon that is known NOT to propagate in a metal?

The following auxiliary questions arise and are answered by the above

-1- What is "DC" current?   ………  DC is a reservoir of electrons transitioning from the higher energy state to the lower and supplying the "bump" a photon supplies to the load.

-2- Why is high voltage more efficient use of power for long distance transmission?  Lower "current" is equal to saying "lower rate of electron transition which means less interaction with the elements of the lattice.  Each interaction carries a probability of bleeding off some of the energy as heat.

-3- what is voltage and current as classically used terminology? Voltage is the same as classically described.   Current is not really a flow of charge past a point but rather the rate of energy level transitions at that point

 

The probability of transition from valence band to conduction band goes down with increasing energy gap.  Why does this affect conduction?  See the next diagram.  The circles are base states of electrons. The figure eights are the first excited state of an electron.  These states are used in a representative fashion to depict relative energy levels and should not be interpreted too literally.

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Observations

  • A conductor or semiconductor sets up a wave guide for the propagation of a photon
  • In a semiconductor the photon must be the result of a 0.7 volt electron volt potential drop more or less to exceed waveguide cutoff frequency
  • In a conductor there is no forbidden band due to the conduction and valence band overlapping.  Thus waveguide cutoff frequency is more or less 0 hertz   
By Fudgy McFarlen, ago

VB6-CoolMenu

CoolMenu – Menus & Toolbar  you can place anywhere including a UserControl and Top / Bottom / Left / Right

Current research bookmarks

  • http://www.vbaccelerator.com/home/vb/code/controls/Menus/Popup_Menu_ActiveX_DLL/article.asp
  • http://www.vbaccelerator.com/codelib/comctl/retbar.htm
  • http://www.vbaccelerator.com/home/VB/Code/Controls/Menus/Icon_Menu_Control/article.asp
  • http://www.vbaccelerator.com/home/vb/code/controls/toolbar/vbaccelerator_toolbar_and_coolmenu_control/article.asp
By Fudgy McFarlen, ago

NanoStation-M2 SetUp

Notes from install at Luizom's house

Possible Unbricking procedures

Notes

  • Ubiquiti default username,password = ubnt , ubnt

Configuration Files   –  change the txt extension back to cfg.  Security limits of wordpress forced the extension change.  Assumes your router IP address= 192.168.1.1 … change that to match your router if different.  The tcp/ip settings of the wired local area connection are shown below.   These configuration files worked with units that had versions 5.2.1 & 5.3 of AirOs.

    Laptop wired local area connection:  ( this might have been superceded ! )

………..more

 

By Fudgy McFarlen, ago

Physics and chemistry of a dry cell battery

 Outer layer: Zinc                           Middle layer: Ammonium Chloride                       Inner layer: Manganese Dioxide                       Carbon Rod            WaveGuide(wire)

Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2 e-  U+2192.svg         2 e-  + 2NH4+(aq) → 2NH3(aq) +  H2(g)   U+2192.svg    H2(g) +  2MnO2(s)→ Mn2O3(s) + H2O(l)   U+2192.svg       2e-         U+21E5.gif          Photon

                                    U+2190.gif2Cl         

My original thinking

Without a waveguide aka "wire going to load completing the circuit" charge builds up so as to impede the zinc + chlorine reaction.  That is to say the energy state of the electrons on or about the carbon rod are same state as those emanating from the zinc + chlorine reaction. That leaves new movers no where to go.  When the wave guide path is completed the electrons are able to accelerate and thereby to emit a photon and depopulate the state allowing more electrons to follow it on the path it has just taken.  The photon skips down the waveguide at near the speed of light with intermittent interactions with the conductor.  This can be visualized like a stone skipping across water as can be done with a flat rock across the surface of a pond.  The points where the rock touches the water are the interactions with conductor.  Remember this occurs as a push pull affair.  While the electronic force pushes out the carbon rod it pulls in the cathode. This is standard waveguide behavior which an RF engineer would call paired currents The propagation of which is the photon itself. This is an informatic transfer in that time is required for the energy to propagate as opposed to a book keeping like transfer that occurs with entanglement.  

Next Question:  What is the frequency of the photon involved in transfer of e- charge over a potential of 1.5 volts?

1 electron volt = 1.60217646 × 10-19 joules

Planck's constant = 6.626068 × 10-34 m2 kg / s

E=hF

…but this leads to a crazy high value computed for frequency of the photon???

F=386 Terrahertz????   What am I doing wrong?  Am I doing anything wrong?     Visible light spans 400–790 THz.   This part makes sense if one thinks about an light emitting diode (LED).   That is the reverse.  Electricity travels down a wire and is turned into visible photons in this frequency range.

At this point I panic because I know that this frequency does not propagate well along a wire wave guide as described above or at least right now so I think.  Is there a frequency conversion mechanism?  Seems there must be.  Unless there is some sort of group phenomena.   If one thinks and realizes that "DC" current is made up of photons then DC is made out of a fundamentally AC phenomena namely photons. 

Heuristic notes:  

  1. Imagine a 1400Mhz oscillator.  The waves propagating out from it are very much lower in frequency than the frequency of the photon in the above calculations.  Yet I can easily measure a wave that has 2 volts peak to peak amplitude. 
  2. How does group behavior relate to this?  Can visible light photons be propagated in the belly of a wave group that is much slower?

Answers to the questions generated by this post

  1. How optical photons are converted to low frequency photons for transport along copper wire waveguide
  2. How do electrical conductors work?

Background Information

Chemical reactions (following from wikipedia )

From Zinc Carbon Battery: In a zinc-carbon dry cell, the outer zinc container is the negative terminal. The zinc is oxidised according to the following half-equation.

    Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2 e-

A graphite rod surrounded by a powder containing manganese(IV) oxide is the positive terminal. The manganese dioxide is mixed with carbon powder to increase the electrical conductivity. The reaction is as follows:

    2MnO2(s) + H2(g)→ Mn2O3(s) + H2O(l)

The H2 comes from the NH4+(aq):

    2NH4+(aq) + 2 e- → H2(g) + 2NH3(aq)

and the NH3 combines with the Zn2+.   In this half-reaction, the manganese is reduced from an oxidation state of (+4) to (+3).  There are other possible side-reactions, but the overall reaction in a zinc-carbon cell can be represented as:

    Zn(s) + 2MnO2(s) + 2NH4+(aq) → Mn2O3(s) + Zn(NH3)22+(aq) + H2O(l)

The battery has an e.m.f. of about 1.5 V. The approximate nature of the e.m.f is related to the complexity of the cathode reaction. The anode (zinc) reaction is comparatively simple with a known potential. Side reactions and depletion of the active chemicals increases the internal resistance of the battery, and this causes the e.m.f. to drop.  Although carbon is an important element of the battery's composition, it takes no part in the electrochemical reaction, instead only serving to collect current and reduce the resistance of the manganese dioxide mix.

Construction

The container of the zinc-carbon dry cell is a zinc can. This contains a layer of NH4Cl with ZnCl2 aqueous paste separated by a paper layer from a mixture of powdered carbon & manganese (IV) oxide (MnO2) which is packed around a carbon rod.

By Fudgy McFarlen, ago

Ubiquiti Equipment AirOS Terrain Path Planning

Research Phase Notes

 

Deployment parts list

  • qty=2 end point radios – tested to do at least 1 mile line of sight  & qty=2 sets of POE support including ethernet cables
  • qty=2 100 foot ethernet cables
  • qty=2  50 foot ethernet cables
  • qty=1 wireless router for far end delivery to boxes and ethernet cable ( standard or crossover??? currently Nanostation is working with standard directly to laptop )
  • qty=1 ethernet cable spare – length  ( buy in Brazil ? .. things are getting heavy! )

POE Power Over Ethernet notes

Ubiquiti Wireless equipment notes by model

By Fudgy McFarlen, ago