Morse code is made up of dots and dashes which can be thought of as 1's and 0's.
Morse Code is encoded along the lines of a Huffman code and thus one has to wonder if Huffman's paper was inspired by it.
This code was originally thought to be unbreakable. You use a key such as PASSWORD. Each Letter in your message is encoded by placing
PASSWORDPASSWORDPASSWORD
THISISATESTOFTHECODE
Each letter is encoded by selecting the corresponding column from the key letter above your message letter. The obvious failing is that after a bit you run out of key and start repeating. This makes the code subject to frequency analysis. Of course if your key word is a phrase of some length you might be able to avoid that.
It is interesting that only about 150 years ago this would be considered unbreakable.
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Genetic code is reused in exactly the same manner human programmers reuse code. Thus once some random string of genetic coding is found useful there is a process that preserves it from change. That change is called survival. If it is a random string with no purpose then it is swept from the system by error. Error is death. Thus if you sequence the human genome you can compare useful portions with those of widely separated animals such as mice and find almost identical code.
Gill Bejerano holds a BSc, summa cum laude, in Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science, and a PhD in Computer Science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. Twice recipient of the RECOMB best paper by a young scientist award, and a former Eshkol pre-doctoral Scholar and HHMI postdoc. As co-discoverer of ultraconserved elements, his research focuses on deciphering the function and evolution of the non-coding regions of the Human Genome. Gill is currently a postdoc with David Haussler at UC Santa Cruz, and in early 2007 he will join Stanford university as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Developmental Biology and the Department of Computer…
PowerPoint presentation of experiment Uses an SPCM-APD ( Single Photon Counting Module – Avalanch Photo Detector )
Relatively simple setup uses spontaneous parametric downconversion of photon to create 2 photons that are entangled. Then these are sent to 2 single photon detectors. If you have any of the parts or pieces of this setup for sale I would be interested in buying.
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In many physical systems the question arises what is the probability distribution that describes a system with a given expected energy E over the interval from -infinity to + infinity? Again you will use the maximum entropy principle to determine this.
The constraints are as follows:
In a previous article entropy was defined as the expected number of bits in a binary number required to enumerate all the outcomes. This was expressed as follows: entropy= H(x)= [pmath size=12] sum{kappa=1}{N}{delim{[}{-P(x_i) * log_2 P(x_i) }{]}}[/pmath] In physics ( nature ) it is found that the probability distribution that Read more…
There are many mathematical definitions of entropy. The mental picture I find most useful is to imagine the following:
As you go about this you may want to number the objects you most commonly refer to with the lower digits that have less length. That way since you mention "FORK" much more often than "NUMBER 6 SCREW" you will end up having to say less digits.
The measure of entropy in this room is the number of binary digits required to number all the objects. This is entropy. The formula for this sentence that I just said is:
Entropy ~= log2N where N is the number of different types of objects in the room
Now in a probabalistic situation with outcomes x1 , x2 …. xn with P(xi) = probability of xi
…..more
The base state of an electron in an infinite potential well has the most "space" for the electron state. Thus it has the maximum entropy. Take that same state and imagine pinching the electrons existence to nil in the middle of the trough. Now you have state-2. The electron now exists in a smaller entropic state and guess what? It contains exploitable energy now. This is like a spring compressed. The electron can decompress and exert force / expend energy. For example in an interaction with another atom possibly a recoil could occur. In a crystal lattice an electron can transfer its energy to the atom next door and in effect yield conduction. All these are preliminary suppositions subject to more scrutiny. As mentioned before since the electron exists in this potential well in the form of free fall it can not have any acceleration. Thus its distribution must thoroughly avoid the edges of the well were it would indeed experience accelerations by bouncing and recoiling off of the walls.
